Sunday, March 1, 2009
Introduction
The industrial revolution of the 19th century was the stepping stone that boosted the country into what it is known today. During the 19th century, there was a surge of inventions, transportation, industry,and communications. The economy grew and flourished in businesses that created jobs for the people. People were able to provide for themselves and their families. The industrial revolution also allowed individuals to obtain wealth as well as the country comparded to other countries. This era is marked by great inventions and economic growth.
Inventors
Top Ten inventors during the Industrial Revolution:
These men were of great importance to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. They improved upon the Industrial Process by inventing and discovering new technologies that would speed up life as they knew it.
1. Thomas Edison- “The Wizard at Menlo Park”
“Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration."
Thomas Edison and his workshop patented 1,093 inventions. Included in this were the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb, and the motion picture. He was the most famous inventor of his time and his inventions had a huge impact on America's growth and history. One of the main reasons for his success was that he incorporated mass production into the process of invention. This would later evolve into an industrial research laboratory named Menlo Park. He pioneered electricity and not only the invention of the incandescent light bulb. He was the first to open a power plant and had the vision to distribute electricity throughout people’s homes and businesses.
2. Samuel F. B. Morse
Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which greatly increased the ability of information to move from one location to another. Along with the creation of the telegraph, he invented Morse code, which is still learned and used today. His inventions were vital to industries that needed to effectively transfer communications. In 1845 the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to radiate telegraph lines across the country.
3. Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This invention allowed communication to extend to individuals. Before the telephone businesses had to rely on the telegraph. His work with the deaf inspire much of his inventive work, he even tutored Helen Keller. His invention of the telephone gave birth to a new industry. He created the Bell Telephone company in 1877 and by 1886 over 150,00 people owned telephones and needed service. On Jan. 25th 1876 Bell made the first transcontinental telephone call, from New York to San Francisco. He also invented the metal detector in 1881 and may have been the first to invent a primitive form of air conditioning.
4. Elias Howe/Isaac Singer
Elias Hower and Isaac Singer both were involved in the invention of the sewing machine. This revolutionized the garment industry and made the Singer Corporation one of the first modern industries.
5. Cyrus McCormick
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper which made the harvesting of grain more efficient and faster. This helped farmers have more time to devote to other chores.
6. George Eastman
George Eastman invented the Kodak camera and founded The Eastman Kodak Company This inexpensive box camera allowed individual to take black and white pictures to preserve their memories and historical events. This is very nicely illustrated in the first chapter of “They Say”. When the camera craze spread onto the scene, he transferred his efforts into making file. This proved his keen business sense, allowing him to provide film that every brand camera needed. He turned his competitors into business partners.
7. Charles Goodyear
Charles Goodyear was the first American to vulcanize rubber. This technique allowed rubber to have many more uses due to its ability to stand up to bad weather. Interestingly, many believe the technique was found by mistake. Rubber became important in industry as it could withstand large amounts of pressure.
8. Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla invented many important items including fluorescent lighting and the alternating current (AC) electrical power system. He also is credited with inventing the radio. The Tesla Coil is used in many items today including the modern radio and television.
9. George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse held the patent to many important inventions. Two of his most important inventions were the transformer which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances and the air brake. The latter invention allowed conductors to have the ability to stop a train. Previous to the invention, each car had its own brakeman who manually put on the brakes for that car.
10. Dr. Richard Gatling
Dr. Richard Gatling invented a rudimentary machine gun that was used to a limited degree by the Union in the Civil War. However, they were used extensively in the Spanish-American War.
These men were of great importance to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. They improved upon the Industrial Process by inventing and discovering new technologies that would speed up life as they knew it.
1. Thomas Edison- “The Wizard at Menlo Park”
“Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration."
Thomas Edison and his workshop patented 1,093 inventions. Included in this were the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb, and the motion picture. He was the most famous inventor of his time and his inventions had a huge impact on America's growth and history. One of the main reasons for his success was that he incorporated mass production into the process of invention. This would later evolve into an industrial research laboratory named Menlo Park. He pioneered electricity and not only the invention of the incandescent light bulb. He was the first to open a power plant and had the vision to distribute electricity throughout people’s homes and businesses.
2. Samuel F. B. Morse
Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which greatly increased the ability of information to move from one location to another. Along with the creation of the telegraph, he invented Morse code, which is still learned and used today. His inventions were vital to industries that needed to effectively transfer communications. In 1845 the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to radiate telegraph lines across the country.
3. Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. This invention allowed communication to extend to individuals. Before the telephone businesses had to rely on the telegraph. His work with the deaf inspire much of his inventive work, he even tutored Helen Keller. His invention of the telephone gave birth to a new industry. He created the Bell Telephone company in 1877 and by 1886 over 150,00 people owned telephones and needed service. On Jan. 25th 1876 Bell made the first transcontinental telephone call, from New York to San Francisco. He also invented the metal detector in 1881 and may have been the first to invent a primitive form of air conditioning.
4. Elias Howe/Isaac Singer
Elias Hower and Isaac Singer both were involved in the invention of the sewing machine. This revolutionized the garment industry and made the Singer Corporation one of the first modern industries.
5. Cyrus McCormick
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper which made the harvesting of grain more efficient and faster. This helped farmers have more time to devote to other chores.
6. George Eastman
George Eastman invented the Kodak camera and founded The Eastman Kodak Company This inexpensive box camera allowed individual to take black and white pictures to preserve their memories and historical events. This is very nicely illustrated in the first chapter of “They Say”. When the camera craze spread onto the scene, he transferred his efforts into making file. This proved his keen business sense, allowing him to provide film that every brand camera needed. He turned his competitors into business partners.
7. Charles Goodyear
Charles Goodyear was the first American to vulcanize rubber. This technique allowed rubber to have many more uses due to its ability to stand up to bad weather. Interestingly, many believe the technique was found by mistake. Rubber became important in industry as it could withstand large amounts of pressure.
8. Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla invented many important items including fluorescent lighting and the alternating current (AC) electrical power system. He also is credited with inventing the radio. The Tesla Coil is used in many items today including the modern radio and television.
9. George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse held the patent to many important inventions. Two of his most important inventions were the transformer which allowed electricity to be sent over long distances and the air brake. The latter invention allowed conductors to have the ability to stop a train. Previous to the invention, each car had its own brakeman who manually put on the brakes for that car.
10. Dr. Richard Gatling
Dr. Richard Gatling invented a rudimentary machine gun that was used to a limited degree by the Union in the Civil War. However, they were used extensively in the Spanish-American War.
Railroads
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, survivorship of a railroad is manifested through railroad consolidation. From 1865 to 1910, most of the small railroad companies were steadily absorbed into railroad empires. By 1900, 95 percent of the railroad mileage was consolidated in six systems.
During this period, substantial strides were accomplished in perfecting rail- road engineering, accounting, and management. Each improvement in rail operation brought more and more coordination over freight loads of greater volume and with increasing speed. In 1861, the American rail network was far from integrated. Roads entering the same terminal city had no direct rail connections; they used different gauges and different types of equipment. Therefore, cars of one railroad could not be transferred to the track of another. As a result, the transshipment costs were still high. Reduction of such costs and delays required interim cooperation. The necessary standardized equipment and operating procedures called for detailed and prolonged discussions among the managers of many railroads. They had to work out and then put into operation standardized operating procedures and equipment.
Associated with these problems were several of a technical nature, one of which was the durability of iron rails. In the mid-1860s, a new process in the iron industry allowed for steel to be made into track which proved successful, even at initial high cost, in wearing much longer and bearing much heavier loads. By the 1870s it was thought that no other single technological influence had been effective in reducing cost of rail transportation and improving the financial condition of major rail lines. The introduction of the steel rail is the technological manifestation under consideration in this research as affecting the survival chances of a railroad. The railroad that innovated earlier with the steel rail is seen as improving its probability for survival during the late nineteenth century. Economic historians rank the steel rail as very important in the growth of productivity. Steel rails were rapidly adopted (they were first used in the 1860s and by 1890 they accounted for 80 percent of all track mileage in Innovation.
Before the spread of rail transport, nearly all heavy goods had to be transported by boats and ships, which are much slower than railroads. Moreover, railways were built to places not on waterways. (The lack of good transport systems holds back industrial development).
Trains were developed during the Industrial Revolution and were arguably that period's most important product. In many ways railroads made the Industrial Revolution possible. Factories could not run without a constant supply of raw materials, or without a method of moving goods to market.
Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction.
A man by the name of Henry Bessemer invented the massive producing steel process in the mid-1850s; allowing steel to be produced quickly and cheaply.
This helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879
As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of building railroads, generating a boom in railroad construction.
Growth of railroads helped the country expand and prosper.
Steel Machinery/ Industrial
Andrew Carnegie:
1885–1900: Empire of Steel
Carnegie became riche in the steel industry, where he was able to have power over the most widespread integrated iron and steel operations. No person in the United States had ever accomplished such a feat. He had two main innovations: First was the cheap and efficient mass production of steel rails that were used for railroad lines. The second was vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials. In the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the leading manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world. His factory was able to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig metal per day. Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Steel Works (1888), which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile long railway, and a line of lake steamships. Carnegie joined in with some of his colleagues and launched Carnegie Steel Company in 1892.
By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it. Carnegie's domain grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill, the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. That’s quite an empire wouldn’t you say? Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Bridge project across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri. This began the opening of a new steel market.
Andrew Carnegie Facts:
• Andrew Carnegie eventually became the richest man in the world, but he began life in modest circumstances.
• Born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835
• “Working for the railroad, Andrew Carnegie learned a great deal about running a gigantic business efficiently and profitably. He also invested in oil and railroads. In 1872 he visited England and gained first-hand information about the production of steel, a lighter, stronger material than iron. Three years later he opened his own steel plant in Pittsburgh then proceeded to buy rival steel mills.”
• Working in the railroads he paved the way for his own success in the steel industry.
• By 1877 the emergence of a national rail system signaled the rise of big business.
Richey- Machinery/Industrial Process:
• “Population growth spurred the growth of industries that exploited nature.”
o Immigrants came from Europe
Between 1880 and 1890 the population grew from 50 million to 63 million
• Six new states entered the union (North and South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming.
o Increased demand in large-scale commercial mining, logging and fishing
• Mining industry emerged as big business
o Noah Kellogg discovered a lode containing gold, zinc, and lead.
• Other business inventions included: cash registers, stock tickers, and typewriters
• In the 1880’s railroad cars installed steam heat and electric lights
o Made passage more comfortable for passengers.
• Businesses perfected the mass production of interchangeable parts
o Factory workers made many of one particular part, same size and shape, rather than the whole product.
o Enabled products to be cheaper, efficient, and repaired easily.
Example: The bicycle was the craze of the late 19th century
• It was cheap
• Production techniques of the bicycle were later used in the production of automobiles.
• Agriculture benefited
o Pressure-sealed cans, enabled the market of agricultural products in far parts of the country.
o First modern irrigation system
Constructed by Native Americans
o Need for hired hands was no longer an issue.
Many men were put out of jobs by the introduction of new machinery.
• Bessemer Process
o Innovative technique for sheet metal stamping and electric resistance welding transformed industries.
o By 1880, 90 percent of American steel was made by the Bessemer process
Injected air into molten iron to yield steel.
• Technology was a universal language.
o In 1870, Japan began to import American farm implements and inviting U.S. engineers to construct dams and canals for steam- and- water- powered gristmills and sawmills.
• In 1879, the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) was formed
• By the 1870s Texas had steam-powered lumber mills equipped with saw rigs that produced up to 30,000 board feet a day
o Texas lumbering became a big business
• New means of commercial fishing
o Reduced the supply of salmon in the Northwest
o Dredge boats were becoming more efficient in harvesting oysters
Shellfish reserves began to decline (they could not replenish themselves fast enough)
• Industrial pollution
o In 1884, a federal court issued a permanent injunction against hydraulic mining, in California, because it contributed to soil erosion and water pollution
o Mercury flowing into nearby streams from gold mines poisoned fish, and created a pollution that would affect into the twentieth century.
o The Chicago river was polluted with byproducts of sausage, glue, and fertilizer
• Rail Travel
o Buffalo herds impeded travel so railroads promoted shooting of buffalo from trains, a “sport”
• The U.S. government refrained from owning industries
o Taxed business lightly and did not tax individual incomes until 1913
o J.P. Morgan
• Several enterprises began to conquer local and national markets
o Examples: Bell Telephone, Kroger grocery, Marshall Field Department store, Boston Fruit Company
o By combining, or integrating, their operations, manufactures cut costs and monopolized an entire industry
This caused smaller companies to fold. They couldn’t keep up.
• John D. Rockefeller
o Master innovator in petroleum
o Molded the managerial and technical aspects of business
o Horizontally integrated petroleum by forming Standard Oil Trust
o Standard oil also practiced vertical integration
• Horizontal integration
o Companies producing the same product merge to reduce competition and control prices
• In the 1880s, efficiency experts were being hired by factory managers
o They were to cut labor costs
o Many complained of poor wages and working conditions
1885–1900: Empire of Steel
Carnegie became riche in the steel industry, where he was able to have power over the most widespread integrated iron and steel operations. No person in the United States had ever accomplished such a feat. He had two main innovations: First was the cheap and efficient mass production of steel rails that were used for railroad lines. The second was vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials. In the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the leading manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world. His factory was able to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig metal per day. Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Steel Works (1888), which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile long railway, and a line of lake steamships. Carnegie joined in with some of his colleagues and launched Carnegie Steel Company in 1892.
By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it. Carnegie's domain grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill, the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. That’s quite an empire wouldn’t you say? Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark Eads Bridge project across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri. This began the opening of a new steel market.
Andrew Carnegie Facts:
• Andrew Carnegie eventually became the richest man in the world, but he began life in modest circumstances.
• Born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835
• “Working for the railroad, Andrew Carnegie learned a great deal about running a gigantic business efficiently and profitably. He also invested in oil and railroads. In 1872 he visited England and gained first-hand information about the production of steel, a lighter, stronger material than iron. Three years later he opened his own steel plant in Pittsburgh then proceeded to buy rival steel mills.”
• Working in the railroads he paved the way for his own success in the steel industry.
• By 1877 the emergence of a national rail system signaled the rise of big business.
Richey- Machinery/Industrial Process:
• “Population growth spurred the growth of industries that exploited nature.”
o Immigrants came from Europe
Between 1880 and 1890 the population grew from 50 million to 63 million
• Six new states entered the union (North and South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming.
o Increased demand in large-scale commercial mining, logging and fishing
• Mining industry emerged as big business
o Noah Kellogg discovered a lode containing gold, zinc, and lead.
• Other business inventions included: cash registers, stock tickers, and typewriters
• In the 1880’s railroad cars installed steam heat and electric lights
o Made passage more comfortable for passengers.
• Businesses perfected the mass production of interchangeable parts
o Factory workers made many of one particular part, same size and shape, rather than the whole product.
o Enabled products to be cheaper, efficient, and repaired easily.
Example: The bicycle was the craze of the late 19th century
• It was cheap
• Production techniques of the bicycle were later used in the production of automobiles.
• Agriculture benefited
o Pressure-sealed cans, enabled the market of agricultural products in far parts of the country.
o First modern irrigation system
Constructed by Native Americans
o Need for hired hands was no longer an issue.
Many men were put out of jobs by the introduction of new machinery.
• Bessemer Process
o Innovative technique for sheet metal stamping and electric resistance welding transformed industries.
o By 1880, 90 percent of American steel was made by the Bessemer process
Injected air into molten iron to yield steel.
• Technology was a universal language.
o In 1870, Japan began to import American farm implements and inviting U.S. engineers to construct dams and canals for steam- and- water- powered gristmills and sawmills.
• In 1879, the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) was formed
• By the 1870s Texas had steam-powered lumber mills equipped with saw rigs that produced up to 30,000 board feet a day
o Texas lumbering became a big business
• New means of commercial fishing
o Reduced the supply of salmon in the Northwest
o Dredge boats were becoming more efficient in harvesting oysters
Shellfish reserves began to decline (they could not replenish themselves fast enough)
• Industrial pollution
o In 1884, a federal court issued a permanent injunction against hydraulic mining, in California, because it contributed to soil erosion and water pollution
o Mercury flowing into nearby streams from gold mines poisoned fish, and created a pollution that would affect into the twentieth century.
o The Chicago river was polluted with byproducts of sausage, glue, and fertilizer
• Rail Travel
o Buffalo herds impeded travel so railroads promoted shooting of buffalo from trains, a “sport”
• The U.S. government refrained from owning industries
o Taxed business lightly and did not tax individual incomes until 1913
o J.P. Morgan
• Several enterprises began to conquer local and national markets
o Examples: Bell Telephone, Kroger grocery, Marshall Field Department store, Boston Fruit Company
o By combining, or integrating, their operations, manufactures cut costs and monopolized an entire industry
This caused smaller companies to fold. They couldn’t keep up.
• John D. Rockefeller
o Master innovator in petroleum
o Molded the managerial and technical aspects of business
o Horizontally integrated petroleum by forming Standard Oil Trust
o Standard oil also practiced vertical integration
• Horizontal integration
o Companies producing the same product merge to reduce competition and control prices
• In the 1880s, efficiency experts were being hired by factory managers
o They were to cut labor costs
o Many complained of poor wages and working conditions
Communications
Americans commonly recognize television, e-mail, and instant messaging as agents of pervasive cultural change. But many of us may not realize that what we now call “mail” was once just as revolutionary.
This fascinating history traces these shifts from their beginnings in the 19th century, when cheaper postage, mass literacy, and migration combined to make the long-established postal service a more integral and viable part of everyday life. With such dramatic events occurring and underscoring the importance and necessity of communications, a surprisingly broad range of Americans joined this network, regularly interacting with distant locales before the existence of telephones or even the widespread use of telegraphy. Drawings on original letters and diaries from the period, as well as public discussions of the expanding postal system were included (Morse code).
Electromagnets
(Samuel Morse)
The electromagnet was invented by Joseph Henry. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) that successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Henry's invention. Morse made sketches of a "magnetized magnet" based on Henry's work. Morse invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. The telegraph is (now an outdated communication advancing technology i.e. cellular phones, internet) system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location that translated into a message. The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States the operation developed into sending by key and receiving by ear. A trained Morse code operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number.
Picture shown: (Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham)
In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone). Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other; Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won.
The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch.
Invented in 1891 by Nikola Tesla, the Tesla coil is still used in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment Tesla is now credited with inventing modern radio as well; since the Supreme Court overturned Guglielmo Marconi's patent in 1943 in favor of Nikola Tesla's earlier patents. The Tesla coil, invented in 1891, is still used in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment.
This fascinating history traces these shifts from their beginnings in the 19th century, when cheaper postage, mass literacy, and migration combined to make the long-established postal service a more integral and viable part of everyday life. With such dramatic events occurring and underscoring the importance and necessity of communications, a surprisingly broad range of Americans joined this network, regularly interacting with distant locales before the existence of telephones or even the widespread use of telegraphy. Drawings on original letters and diaries from the period, as well as public discussions of the expanding postal system were included (Morse code).
Electromagnets
(Samuel Morse)
The electromagnet was invented by Joseph Henry. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) that successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Henry's invention. Morse made sketches of a "magnetized magnet" based on Henry's work. Morse invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. The telegraph is (now an outdated communication advancing technology i.e. cellular phones, internet) system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location that translated into a message. The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States the operation developed into sending by key and receiving by ear. A trained Morse code operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number.
Picture shown: (Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham)
In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone). Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours of each other; Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone, which Bell won.
The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct result of his attempts to improve the telegraph. When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a highly successful system, the telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch.
Invented in 1891 by Nikola Tesla, the Tesla coil is still used in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment Tesla is now credited with inventing modern radio as well; since the Supreme Court overturned Guglielmo Marconi's patent in 1943 in favor of Nikola Tesla's earlier patents. The Tesla coil, invented in 1891, is still used in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment.
Conclusion
The industrial revolution paved the way for americans to explore and create great innovations. From Andrew Carnegie to Alexander Graham Bell, it abled americans to follow their dreams to invent and own businesses. Without the industrial revolution, the Unites States wouldn't have thrived and prospered and built the platform for todays technology.
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